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Fascism in Africa
Fascism in Africa refers to the phenomenon of fascist parties and movements that were active in Africa. Due to the status of Africa as an area of colonialism during the inter-war period fascist movements rarely developed. However, the ideology was not unheard of whilst European fascist powers were active colonialists.
==South Africa==
South Africa's status as an independent country dominated by the white minority meant that it shared a number of characteristics with Europe whilst also having an institutionalised form of racism in the apartheid system. As such it proved a fertile ground for the development of groups inspired by European fascism.
Nazism found an audience in the country, with pro-Nazi elements organised by Louis Weichardt in 1932 under the name South African Gentile National Socialist Movement, a group that soon became known as the Greyshirts. Although the group enjoyed some support and continued after the Second World War they never became sufficiently important for the government to take action against them. The other main fascist group was the Ossewabrandwag (OB), founded in 1939, a group also inspired by Adolf Hitler. The two differed however as the Greyshirts emphasised Aryan race rhetoric and so organised amongst the various white immigrant communities whilst the OB were specifically for Afrikaner only.〔Christoph Marx, 'The Ossewabrandwag As a Mass Movement, 1939-1941', ''Journal of Southern African Studies'', Vol. 20, No. 2 (Jun. 1994), p. 208〕 A third, more minor group, the New Order, emerged in 1940 under the leadership of former cabinet minister Oswald Pirow. After the Second World War Pirow became an important figure in neo-fascism, working closely with Oswald Mosley, ''Nation Europa'' and A. F. X. Baron.〔G. Macklin, ''Very Deeply Dyed in Black - Sir Oswald Mosley and the Resurrection of British Fascism after 1945'', New York: IB Tauris, 2007, pp. 84-5〕 Nazi Germany sought to encourage such activity with former Olympic boxer Robey Leibbrandt active as an agent for the Abwehr during the war.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sidney Robey Leibbrandt 1913 - 1966 )〕 The Nazi Party itself also organised until it was outlawed in 1936.〔Roger Griffin, ''The Nature of Fascism'', 1993, p. 158〕
In the post-war era far right groups that are sometimes characterised as being neo-fascist in nature include the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging,〔Peter H. Merkl, Leonard Weinberg, ''The Revival of Right Wing Extremism in the Nineties'', Routledge, 2014, p. 255〕 the Vereniging van Oranjewerkers,〔Roger Griffin, ''The Nature of Fascism'', Routledge, 2013, p. 159〕 the Herstigte Nasionale Party〔 and the Boeremag, as well as elements within the coalition Afrikaner Volksfront.〔Kathryn A. Manzo, ''Creating Boundaries: The Politics of Race and Nation'', Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998, p. 86〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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